Advanced Proficiency: Begin brainstorming in either language, and then guide students to express ideas in academic English using discipline-specific vocabulary (e.g., moving from “it gets bigger” to “it expands exponentially”). For younger students, focus on using precise English vocabulary while letting them check understanding in their home language. For older students, support them in using complex English phrases to evaluate ideas (e.g., “This idea is more viable because…”). During group discussions, have students explain their thinking using sophisticated transitions and comparison language (e.g., “While both ideas address the problem, this approach is more efficient because…”). When students encounter concepts that are difficult to express in English, encourage them to explain the idea in their home language first, and then work together to find the most accurate academic English expression.
